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<title>Cryptogram</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cryptogram</span></span>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="Cryptogram_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Cryptogram (disambiguation)">Cryptogram (disambiguation)</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Cryptic writings" redirects here. For the Megadeth album, see <a href="Cryptic_Writings" title="Cryptic Writings">Cryptic Writings</a>.</div>

<div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="Cryptogam" title="Cryptogam">cryptogam</a>, a type of biological organism.</div>

<p>A <b>cryptogram</b> is a type of puzzle that consists of a short piece of <a href="Encryption" title="Encryption">encrypted</a> text.<sup id="cite_ref-allure_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allure-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Generally the <a href="Cipher" title="Cipher">cipher</a> used to encrypt the text is simple enough that the cryptogram can be solved by hand. <a href="Substitution_cipher" title="Substitution cipher">Substitution ciphers</a> where each letter is replaced by a different letter, number, or symbol are frequently used. To solve the puzzle, one must recover the original lettering. Though once used in more serious applications, they are now mainly printed for entertainment in newspapers and magazines.

</p><p>Other types of <a href="Classical_cipher" title="Classical cipher">classical ciphers</a> are sometimes used to create cryptograms. An example is the <a href="Book_cipher" title="Book cipher">book cipher</a>, where a book or article is used to encrypt a message.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<p>The ciphers used in cryptograms were created not for entertainment purposes, but for real encryption of military or <a href="Privacy" title="Privacy">personal secrets</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sutherland_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sutherland-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>The first use of the cryptogram for entertainment purposes occurred during the <a href="Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> by monks who had spare time for intellectual games. A manuscript found at <a href="Bamberg" title="Bamberg">Bamberg</a> states that Irish visitors to the court of <a href="Merfyn_Frych_ap_Gwriad" class="mw-redirect" title="Merfyn Frych ap Gwriad">Merfyn Frych ap Gwriad</a> (died 844), king of <a href="Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Gwynedd</a> in <a href="Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, were given a cryptogram which could only be solved by transposing the letters from Latin into Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around the thirteenth century, the English monk <a href="Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a> wrote a book in which he listed seven cipher methods, and stated that "a man is crazy who writes a secret in any other way than one which will conceal it from the vulgar." In the 19th century <a href="Edgar_Allan_Poe" title="Edgar Allan Poe">Edgar Allan Poe</a> helped to popularize cryptograms with many newspaper and magazine articles.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Well-known examples of cryptograms in contemporary culture are the syndicated newspaper puzzles Cryptoquip and Cryptoquote, from <a href="King_Features_Syndicate" title="King Features Syndicate">King Features</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Celebrity Cipher, distributed by <a href="Andrews_McMeel_Syndication" title="Andrews McMeel Syndication">Andrew McMeel</a>, is another cipher game in contemporary culture, challenging the player to decrypt quotes from famous personalities.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>A cryptoquip is a specific type of cryptogram that usually comes with a clue or a pun. The solution often involves a humorous or witty phrase.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In a public challenge, writer J.M. Appel announced on September 28, 2014, that the table of contents page of his short story collection, <i>Scouting for the Reaper</i>, doubled as a cryptogram, and he pledged an award for the first to solve it.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solving_a_cryptogram">Solving a cryptogram</h2></div>

<p>Cryptograms based on substitution ciphers can often be solved by <a href="Frequency_analysis" title="Frequency analysis">frequency analysis</a> and by recognizing letter patterns in words, such as one-letter words, which, in English, can only be "i" or "a" (and sometimes "o"). Double letters, apostrophes, and the fact that no letter can substitute for itself in the cipher also offer clues to the solution. Occasionally, cryptogram puzzle makers will start the solver off with a few letters.

</p><p>A printed code key form (the alphabet with a blank under each letter to fill in the substituted letter) is usually not provided but can be drawn to use as a solving aid if needed. Skilled puzzle solvers should require neither a code key form nor starter clue letters.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_crypto_puzzles">Other crypto puzzles</h2></div>

<p>While the cryptogram has remained popular, over time other puzzles similar to it have emerged. One of these is the Cryptoquote, which is a famous quote encrypted in the same way as a cryptogram. A more recent version, with a biblical twist, is CodedWord. This puzzle makes the solution available only online, where it provides a short exegesis on the biblical text. A third is the Cryptoquiz. The top of this puzzle has a category (unencrypted), such as "Flowers". Below this is a list of encrypted words which are related to the stated category. The person must then solve for the entire list to finish the puzzle. Yet another type involves using numbers as they relate to texting to solve the puzzle.

</p><p>The <a href="Zodiac_Killer" title="Zodiac Killer">Zodiac Killer</a> sent four cryptograms to police while he was still active. Despite much research, only two of these have been translated, which was of no help in identifying the serial killer.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<ul><li><a href="List_of_famous_ciphertexts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of famous ciphertexts">List of famous ciphertexts</a></li>

<li><a href="Musical_cryptogram" title="Musical cryptogram">Musical cryptogram</a></li>

<li><a href="American_Cryptogram_Association" title="American Cryptogram Association">American Cryptogram Association</a></li>

<li><a href="Verbal_arithmetic" title="Verbal arithmetic">Verbal arithmetic</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFDanesi2010" class="citation news cs1">Danesi, Marcel (September 22, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/brain-workout/201009/cryptograms-and-the-allure-secret-codes">"Cryptograms and the Allure of Secret Codes"</a>. <i><a href="Psychology_Today" title="Psychology Today">Psychology Today</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-Sutherland-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sutherland_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSutherlandKoltko-Rivera2009" class="citation book cs1">Sutherland, Denise; Koltko-Rivera, Mark (2009). <i>Cracking Codes and Cryptograms For Dummies</i>. <a href="John_Wiley_%26_Sons" class="mw-redirect" title="John Wiley & Sons">John Wiley & Sons</a>. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-1180-6847-2</bdi>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenney, J. F. (1929), The Sources for the Early History of Ireland (Ecclesiastical), Dublin, Four Courts Press, p. 556 (363).</span>

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<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baltimorepostexaminer.com/edgar-allan-poe-and-cryptography-are-there-hidden-messages-in-eureka/2013/04/27">"Edgar Allan Poe and cryptography: Are there hidden messages in Eureka?"</a>. <i>baltimorepostexaminer.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-28</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://weekly.kingfeatures.com/?team=games-and-puzzles">"Games and Puzzles | King Features Weekly Service"</a>. <i>weekly.kingfeatures.com</i>. 16 June 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-19</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFImi2023" class="citation news cs1">Imi, K (March 22, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cryptoquip.net/todays-celebrity-cipher-answer/">"Celebrity Cipher Today Answer"</a>. <i>Cryptoquip.net</i>. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 22,</span> 2023</span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam2024" class="citation web cs1">William (2024-08-11). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cryptoquip.net/cryptoquip-answer-today/">"Cryptoquip Answer Today"</a>. <i>Cryptoquip</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-11</span></span>.</cite></span>

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<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A Challenge," <i>Hoosier Topics</i>, (Cloverdale, IN) Sept 29, 2014</span>

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<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170928150347/http://kernelmag.dailydot.com/issue-sections/headline-story/16679/zodiac-killer-cipher-amateur-codebreakers/">"The obsessive amateur code-breakers hoping to crack the Zodiac killer's cipher"</a>. <i>kernelmag.dailydot.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kernelmag.dailydot.com/issue-sections/headline-story/16679/zodiac-killer-cipher-amateur-codebreakers/">the original</a> on 2017-09-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-28</span></span>.</cite></span>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-label="Navbox0" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Classical_cryptography133" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Classical_cipher" title="Classical cipher">Classical cryptography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Cipher" title="Cipher">Ciphers</a><br>by family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Polyalphabetic_cipher" title="Polyalphabetic cipher">Polyalphabetic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Alberti_cipher" title="Alberti cipher">Alberti</a></li>

<li><a href="Enigma_machine" title="Enigma machine">Enigma</a></li>

<li><a href="Trithemius_cipher" class="mw-redirect" title="Trithemius cipher">Trithemius</a></li>

<li><a href="Vigen%C3%A8re_cipher" title="Vigenère cipher">Vigenère</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Polybius_square" title="Polybius square">Polybius square</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="ADFGVX_cipher" title="ADFGVX cipher">ADFGVX</a></li>

<li><a href="Bifid_cipher" title="Bifid cipher">Bifid</a></li>

<li><a href="Nihilist_cipher" title="Nihilist cipher">Nihilist</a></li>

<li><a href="Trifid_cipher" title="Trifid cipher">Trifid</a></li>

<li><a href="VIC_cipher" title="VIC cipher">VIC cipher</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Square</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Playfair_cipher" title="Playfair cipher">Playfair</a></li>

<li><a href="Two-square_cipher" title="Two-square cipher">Two-square</a></li>

<li><a href="Four-square_cipher" title="Four-square cipher">Four-square</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Substitution_cipher" title="Substitution cipher">Substitution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Affine_cipher" title="Affine cipher">Affine</a></li>

<li><a href="Atbash" title="Atbash">Atbash</a></li>

<li><a href="Autokey_cipher" title="Autokey cipher">Autokey</a></li>

<li><a href="Beaufort_cipher" title="Beaufort cipher">Beaufort</a></li>

<li><a href="Caesar_cipher" title="Caesar cipher">Caesar</a></li>

<li><a href="Chaocipher" title="Chaocipher">Chaocipher</a></li>

<li><a href="Great_Cipher" title="Great Cipher">Great</a></li>

<li><a href="Pigpen_cipher" title="Pigpen cipher">Pigpen</a></li>

<li><a href="Running_key_cipher" title="Running key cipher">Running key</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="Transposition_cipher" title="Transposition cipher">Transposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Transposition_cipher#Columnar_transposition" title="Transposition cipher">Columnar</a></li>

<li><a href="Transposition_cipher#Double_transposition" title="Transposition cipher">Double</a></li>

<li><a href="Transposition_cipher#Myszkowski_transposition" title="Transposition cipher">Myszkowski</a></li>

<li><a href="Rail_fence_cipher" title="Rail fence cipher">Rail fence</a></li>

<li><a href="Transposition_cipher#Route_cipher" title="Transposition cipher">Route</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="BATCO" title="BATCO">BATCO</a></li>

<li><a href="DRYAD" title="DRYAD">DRYAD</a></li>

<li><a href="Mlecchita_vikalpa" title="Mlecchita vikalpa">Kama Sutra</a></li>

<li><a href="Rasterschl%C3%BCssel_44" title="Rasterschlüssel 44">Rasterschlüssel 44</a></li>

<li><a href="Reihenschieber" title="Reihenschieber">Reihenschieber</a></li>

<li><a href="Reservehandverfahren" title="Reservehandverfahren">Reservehandverfahren</a></li>

<li><a href="Slidex" title="Slidex">Slidex</a></li>

<li><a href="Solitaire_(cipher)" title="Solitaire (cipher)">Solitaire</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Code_(cryptography)" title="Code (cryptography)">Codes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Code_talker" title="Code talker">Code talker</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Steganography" title="Steganography">Steganography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bacon's_cipher" title="Bacon's cipher">Bacon</a></li>

<li><a href="Grille_(cryptography)" title="Grille (cryptography)">Grille</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cryptanalysis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul>

<li><a href="Frequency_analysis" title="Frequency analysis">Frequency analysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Index_of_coincidence" title="Index of coincidence">Index of coincidence</a> (Units: <a href="Hartley_(unit)" title="Hartley (unit)">Ban</a> and <a href="Nat_(unit)" title="Nat (unit)">Nat</a>)</li>

<li><a href="Information_leakage" title="Information leakage">Information leakage</a></li>

<li><a href="Kasiski_examination" title="Kasiski examination">Kasiski examination</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Cryptography149" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="History_of_cryptography" title="History of cryptography">History of cryptography</a></li>

<li><a href="Outline_of_cryptography" title="Outline of cryptography">Outline of cryptography</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_cipher" title="Classical cipher">Classical cipher</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptographic_protocol" title="Cryptographic protocol">Cryptographic protocol</a>

<ul><li><a href="Authentication_protocol" title="Authentication protocol">Authentication protocol</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cryptographic_primitive" title="Cryptographic primitive">Cryptographic primitive</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptanalysis" title="Cryptanalysis">Cryptanalysis</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">Cryptocurrency</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptosystem" title="Cryptosystem">Cryptosystem</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptographic_nonce" title="Cryptographic nonce">Cryptographic nonce</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptovirology" title="Cryptovirology">Cryptovirology</a></li>

<li><a href="Hash_function" title="Hash function">Hash function</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cryptographic_hash_function" title="Cryptographic hash function">Cryptographic hash function</a></li>

<li><a href="Key_derivation_function" title="Key derivation function">Key derivation function</a></li>

<li><a href="Secure_Hash_Algorithms" title="Secure Hash Algorithms">Secure Hash Algorithms</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Digital_signature" title="Digital signature">Digital signature</a></li>

<li><a href="Kleptography" title="Kleptography">Kleptography</a></li>

<li><a href="Key_(cryptography)" title="Key (cryptography)">Key (cryptography)</a></li>

<li><a href="Key_exchange" title="Key exchange">Key exchange</a></li>

<li><a href="Key_generator" title="Key generator">Key generator</a></li>

<li><a href="Key_schedule" title="Key schedule">Key schedule</a></li>

<li><a href="Key_stretching" title="Key stretching">Key stretching</a></li>

<li><a href="Keygen" title="Keygen">Keygen</a></li>

<li>Machines</li>

<li><a href="Cryptojacking_malware" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryptojacking malware">Cryptojacking malware</a></li>

<li><a href="Ransomware" title="Ransomware">Ransomware</a></li>

<li><a href="Random_number_generation" title="Random number generation">Random number generation</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator" title="Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator">Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator</a> (CSPRNG)</li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Pseudorandom_noise" title="Pseudorandom noise">Pseudorandom noise</a> (PRN)</li>

<li><a href="Secure_channel" title="Secure channel">Secure channel</a></li>

<li><a href="Insecure_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Insecure channel">Insecure channel</a></li>

<li><a href="Subliminal_channel" title="Subliminal channel">Subliminal channel</a></li>

<li><a href="Encryption" title="Encryption">Encryption</a></li>

<li><a href="Decryption" class="mw-redirect" title="Decryption">Decryption</a></li>

<li><a href="End-to-end_encryption" title="End-to-end encryption">End-to-end encryption</a></li>

<li><a href="Harvest_now%2C_decrypt_later" title="Harvest now, decrypt later">Harvest now, decrypt later</a></li>

<li><a href="Information-theoretic_security" title="Information-theoretic security">Information-theoretic security</a></li>

<li><a href="Plaintext" title="Plaintext">Plaintext</a></li>

<li><a href="Codetext" class="mw-redirect" title="Codetext">Codetext</a></li>

<li><a href="Ciphertext" title="Ciphertext">Ciphertext</a></li>

<li><a href="Shared_secret" title="Shared secret">Shared secret</a></li>

<li><a href="Trapdoor_function" title="Trapdoor function">Trapdoor function</a></li>

<li><a href="Trusted_timestamping" title="Trusted timestamping">Trusted timestamping</a></li>

<li><a href="Key-based_routing" title="Key-based routing">Key-based routing</a></li>

<li><a href="Onion_routing" title="Onion routing">Onion routing</a></li>

<li><a href="Garlic_routing" title="Garlic routing">Garlic routing</a></li>

<li><a href="Kademlia" title="Kademlia">Kademlia</a></li>

<li><a href="Mix_network" title="Mix network">Mix network</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Cryptographic_hash_function" title="Cryptographic hash function">Cryptographic hash function</a></li>

<li><a href="Block_cipher" title="Block cipher">Block cipher</a></li>

<li><a href="Stream_cipher" title="Stream cipher">Stream cipher</a></li>

<li><a href="Symmetric-key_algorithm" title="Symmetric-key algorithm">Symmetric-key algorithm</a></li>

<li><a href="Authenticated_encryption" title="Authenticated encryption">Authenticated encryption</a></li>

<li><a href="Public-key_cryptography" title="Public-key cryptography">Public-key cryptography</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_key_distribution" title="Quantum key distribution">Quantum key distribution</a></li>

<li><a href="Quantum_cryptography" title="Quantum cryptography">Quantum cryptography</a></li>

<li><a href="Post-quantum_cryptography" title="Post-quantum cryptography">Post-quantum cryptography</a></li>

<li><a href="Message_authentication_code" title="Message authentication code">Message authentication code</a></li>

<li><a href="Cryptographically_secure_pseudorandom_number_generator" title="Cryptographically secure pseudorandom number generator">Random numbers</a></li>

<li><a href="Steganography" title="Steganography">Steganography</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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